tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59104870615492875672023-11-16T07:51:52.063-05:00Robert Bruce Stewart<hr>Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-58389739421924512872015-09-29T12:29:00.002-04:002015-09-29T12:30:41.719-04:00Psi no more…<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/img/psi-cover-300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/img/psi-cover-300.jpg" height="200" width="125" /></a>This is the third Emmie Reese Mystery and may be my
favorite. Emmie, now an aspiring writer, finds her path to fame and fortune
barred by a variety of obstacles. Her solution is to take over a lapsed
literary magazine and use it to publish her own work. Since I was
self-publishing <i>my</i> own work, a lot of
her feelings and frustrations were ones I was similarly experiencing. <o:p></o:p></div>
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I think Fanny—the woman who flunked out of Emmie’s college
but stayed on just the same—made a fun character. And the literary-minded
captain. Also, Elizabeth makes an appearance, her relationship with Emmie now
thoroughly soured. But the best part of the whole thing may be the resultant
issue of Emmie’s magazine, which isn’t included in the text, but can <a href="http://meegsmorgue.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-me-meegs-find-psi-little-magazine.html">be
seen online.</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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The mysteries Emmie encounters in the course of the story are
all fairly silly, until the last: the murder of Fanny’s French-Canadian valet.
(The culprit of that crime makes a reappearance in the next novel.) Overall, a fun,
quick read that was a joy to write.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There’s more on <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/psi/"><i>Psi no more…</i>,</a> including its availability, <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/psi/">at the Harry Reese Mysteries
site.</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-15402465319001498022015-09-29T12:25:00.002-04:002015-09-29T12:27:23.206-04:00Kalorama Shakedown<div class="MsoNormal">
This is the third novel in the Harry Reese Mystery series,
and it was with this book that I felt I’d hit my stride. It’s more farcical
than the earlier novels and the writing came more easily. That’s not to say
there weren’t multiple drafts and revisions, but I thoroughly enjoyed the
process and was very pleased with the results.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Emmie’s school chum Elizabeth again plays an important part
in this book, but she’s soon eclipsed <o:p></o:p></div>
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by the even more impressive Countess von Schnurrenberger
und Kesselheim, a young British woman who not long before was a notorious jewel
thief. She and Emmie get into a sort of contest, with Emmie getting the upper
hand by book’s end. <br />
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There are a number of scenes I feel came out especially well,
such as Harry’s interview with the lobbyist Easterly, who explains that “The
average first-term congressman arrives as an ego with shoes and a hat.” Also,
the conversation with Samuel Chappelle, an African-American who runs a numbers
operation and offers a précis of the current state of his people’s condition.
Then there’s the recurring motif of newspaper reporters trying to leave Harry
with the bar tab, and most of all the scene where Emmie uses the cliché “Take a
message to Garcia” as a euphemism for going off to use the toilet.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The two murders are somewhat tangential to the general
goings-on, but that’s true of all my books and has become something of a
hallmark. And Harry is only partially involved in solving them. As in all the
books, he isn’t so much an actor as an amused observer. <o:p></o:p></div>
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This is my favorite book in the series. Not only did I have
fun writing it, but I can pick it up, flip through the pages and come upon bits
I find amusing, not just sentences I wish I had worded less clumsily.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There’s more on <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/kalorama/"><i>Kalorama Shakedown</i>,</a> including its availability, <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/kalorama/">at the Harry Reese
Mysteries site.</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-47640528999688678242015-09-29T12:10:00.000-04:002015-09-29T12:10:20.293-04:00Hidden Booty<div class="MsoNormal">
This second short story told from Emmie’s point of view recounts
the couple’s abortive trip to France. Emmie loses the money meant to finance
the trip gambling and she and Harry find themselves destitute in a resort town
on the north coast of France. Then Emmie learns of a gold theft aboard a French
ocean liner and manages to persuade the insurers to hire Harry to find the gold
during the ship’s return voyage to New York.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As Harry seems to go about the investigation in his usual
lackadaisical manner, Emmie works to solve the crime herself, and at the same
time make some money wagering with the other passengers on the ship’s daily
run. In the end, Harry does find the gold, but it’s Emmie who names the
culprits.<o:p></o:p></div>
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My original conception for this book was to use three points
of view: Emmie’s, Harry’s, and that of the ship’s chief rat. Each chapter would
have three versions, and the (online) reader would be randomly served one
version. I would use cookies to keep track of which versions of each chapter
the reader had been served. So he or she could read it a second and a third
time without ever reading the same version of a chapter twice. I even worked
out the mechanics for the Web pages.<o:p></o:p></div>
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But there were two hurdles to overcome. First, the three versions
of each chapter would need to be synchronized in that the progressive
revelation of clues needed to occur with the same timing. Second, since each chapter needed to be written three
times, I pictured them as each being fairly short. But switching voices at
brief intervals seemed disruptive when reading it. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In the end, I just fine-tuned Emmie’s version and made it a
short story in that series. I think it came out reasonably well, with some nice
bits, such as how both of them end up being rewarded for their work, but in a
back-handed sort of way. And I still have my test pages, so I might revisit the
idea of multiple versions with some other piece later on.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There’s more on <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/booty/"><i>Hidden Booty</i>,</a> including its availability, <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/booty/">at the Harry Reese Mysteries
site.</a><u><span style="color: blue; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-72280365981448112242015-09-29T12:04:00.000-04:002015-09-29T12:06:52.435-04:00Crossings<div class="MsoNormal">
This is my second novel, and with it I was still trying to
find a balance between keeping the
mystery compelling and the tone light. I began it thinking I needed to
introduce more tension into the plot, that Harry should be made to experience a
certain amount of menace. But I soon realized that my tone made that all but
impossible. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/img/crossings-cover-300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/img/crossings-cover-300.jpg" height="320" width="200" /></a>As with the first novel, I allowed my extensive research to
lead me off on tangents. Which is why this may have been the hardest of the
books to write—there was a great deal of cutting and reworking before I had
something I thought presentable.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Emmie’s friend Elizabeth was introduced with this book and
she’s proved to be one of my favorite characters. (I’m just finishing a new
series which features her, or rather Emmie’s fictionalization of her.) Also,
the episodes with Mrs. Warner came out especially to my liking, particularly this
exchange with Emmie: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>“Well, I mean, if
someone is going to kill my husband, I think it should be me. Don’t you agree?”<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i>I do indeed,” Emmie
said. “I made the same argument myself just a week ago.”<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Mr. Demming aka Larabee is another amusing character. And I was
quite pleased with my construction of the crooked roulette wheel, which gives
the sharp player the false sense that he’s taken advantage of the house.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are too many slow scenes in this book, and the
denouement is a bit of a weak point—somewhat rushed and lacking the humor I’d managed to inject
into that of <i>Always a Cold Deck</i>. But
overall, I think it’s still an amusing read.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There’s more on<i> </i><a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/crossings/"><i>Crossings</i>,</a> including its availability, <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/crossings/">at the Harry Reese
Mysteries site.</a><br />
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Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-65328511136050705622015-09-29T12:01:00.004-04:002015-09-29T12:05:08.970-04:00The Birth of M.E. Meegs<div class="MsoNormal">
This is the first Emmie Reese Mystery short story, and the
first piece written in her voice. I spent some time imagining just what that
voice would be like. First off, she doesn’t start at the beginning, but at the
end. And the whole thing comes on in a bit of a rush. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The mystery which Emmie solves has little to do with the
bulk of the story—it just sort of asserts itself every now and then. It centers
on a tontine, something used in many mysteries because the death of one member
benefits each of the survivors, providing an author with an automatic motive.
One line I was particularly pleased with was Harry’s response when Emmie asks
what a tontine is:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>“A tontine is a kind
of primitive insurance fund, combined with a sort of lottery. And while it has
many flaws as a financial scheme, as a literary device…”<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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My favorite parts of the story involve Mr. Larabee’s complicated scheme to take
advantage of inefficiencies with the odds offered by bookies at the horse races
and the “literary sweatshop” Emmie visits out on Long Island:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>I was greeted by the
Ulmers’ eleven-year-old daughter, a girl of remarkable poise. Mrs. Ulmer was
busily typing a manuscript that needed to make the evening mail and after
welcoming me, in a very friendly manner, she returned to work. There were two
other children and Mr. Ulmer, who was writing the manuscript just as his wife
was typing it. The youngest child, who could have been no more than five or
six, had the task of relaying the handwritten pages from his father to his
eldest sister, who would quickly scan them for errors, and from her to his
mother. The middle child, a little girl of seven or eight, lay on the floor
with a large dictionary and would look up words when called upon by her parents
or sister.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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I had encountered the term “literary sweatshop” in an
article in <i>The Independent</i> (a
tongue-in-cheek piece about low wages paid to authors) and it struck me as
something with possibilities. This story
is a quick, fun read and I’m very pleased with how it came out.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There’s more on <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/meegs/"><i>The Birth of M.E. Meegs</i>,</a> including its availability, <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/meegs/">at the Harry Reese Mysteries
site.</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-57696521412035936492015-09-29T11:45:00.000-04:002015-09-29T12:12:22.925-04:00Humbug on the Hudson<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/img/humbug-cover-300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/img/humbug-cover-300.jpg" height="200" width="125" /></a>Chronologically, this short story immediately follows the
opening book in the series, <i>Always a Cold
Deck</i>. It was also written just after that book was completed, when I was
still enjoying my initial wave of enthusiasm. Again, the action begins with a
real event, a large fire in Glens Falls, New York. But from there, the story
lapses into a series of farcical situations as Harry and his colleague, Ed
Ketchum, try to solve the mystery of the arson. Not surprisingly, the solution
involves an absurd bit of theatre, which in turn uncovers a murder and second
mystery in need of solution.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The chapter titles all refer to various literary works of
that period, or earlier in the 19<sup>th</sup> century. For instance, “A Day in Ten Bar-rooms”<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pokes fun at<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Ten
Nights in a Bar-room</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(1854),
a mawkish temperance novel that had become a target of ridicule by 1900.
Unfortunately, few 21<sup>st</sup> century readers are likely to catch the
allusions without referring to the crib sheet available through the links
below.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There’s more on<i> </i><a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/humbug/"><i>Humbug on the Hudson</i>,</a> including its availability, <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/humbug/">at the Harry Reese Mysteries
site.</a><o:p></o:p></div>
Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-39900831987487550482015-09-14T16:20:00.001-04:002015-09-14T16:22:24.290-04:00Always a Cold Deck<div class="MsoNormal">
This is the first Harry Reese Mystery, and the first fiction
I’d written since school. Needless to say, the manuscript required a great deal
of work before it was presentable. If my wife hadn’t been an editor (and a very
patient one), the production costs would have been prohibitive. That’s true of
the rest of the books, but particularly true of this one.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/img/always-cover-300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Always a Cold Deck" border="0" src="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/img/always-cover-300.jpg" height="400" title="Always a Cold Deck" width="250" /></a></div>
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I had three objectives in mind for the book (and each of the
subsequent ones as well): it should be a satisfying mystery; it should be
faithful to the period; and it should be humorous. I soon found this to be more
difficult than I had expected.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I began hoping to include as much historical detail as
possible, and sometimes I let interesting bits of research entice me to stray
from the plot. The first part of the book centers on a fire at the Eastern
Elevator Company in late July 1900. This was a real company and the fire did
take place as depicted. That was the story that first caught my eye. Some of
the shadiness depicted is also based on truth—it had defaulted on the mortgage,
and there had been a stock scandal involving manipulation of its share price. Though
much research went into the depiction of Buffalo, its buildings, entertainment
of the time, transportation, etc., I gradually learned to keep the overt
references—like the visit to Dr. Linn’s Museum—to a minimum. That meant a lot
of the research was left unused for the good of the mystery. Once the idea of
smuggling comes in, the story is almost purely fiction.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Harry is meant to be a sort of everyman. He has no
outstanding talents or eccentricities, but he is reasonably intelligent and
seems never to lose his sense of humor. The introduction of a love interest was
always in the back of my mind, but once Emmie entered the book she took on a
life of her own. With hindsight, it’s obvious she was <i>the</i> essential element, and later I went back and trimmed the
opening chapters so her appearance came all the sooner.<o:p></o:p></div>
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One minor part of the book, but which I look back on fondly,
occurs when Harry and Emmie visit a concert saloon: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Just about then a
piano player got going. He sang along with himself. Not well, perhaps, but one
could understand the lyrics of each song and that struck me as rather novel for
a concert saloon. These were the usual tunes one would hear in any parlor, but
the artiste had taken certain liberties with the lyrics. In his version of the
old standard </i>She Loved Not Wisely, But Too Well<i>, “she” also did it quite often.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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That piano players would take liberties with lyrics was my conjecture—an
educated guess based on the fact that those of published music were absurdly
tame, and yet there were an infinite number of rowdy places of entertainment.
Later, I found confirmation of this in Mark Sullivan’s <i>Our
Times</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In some ways, this was the most enjoyable book to write. My
expectations were modest and my enthusiasm unchecked by subsequent
disappointments. And though I didn’t feel completely satisfied with the finished
product, I did take a great deal of pride in having completed it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There’s more on<i> </i><a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/always/"><i>Always a Cold Deck</i>,</a> including its availability, <a href="http://www.harryreesemysteries.com/always/">at the Harry Reese Mysteries
site.</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-30325658615230994132014-02-16T11:59:00.000-05:002015-08-24T16:09:44.633-04:00The Chinese Farmers of Astoria<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUMmSsIlx6E3PRs4LtU5sqLbXEbY3QFt0oXHkNrq_ToZUOKoL2QVZm28M1Wv1WhMajJVfr_5qXcPsUkJ7i1F2q585lChI_hPo23vylCBkM1tR5rgHMHlX4qI-lgbboVXKAZLohpyQzD_w/s1600/Chinese_farmers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUMmSsIlx6E3PRs4LtU5sqLbXEbY3QFt0oXHkNrq_ToZUOKoL2QVZm28M1Wv1WhMajJVfr_5qXcPsUkJ7i1F2q585lChI_hPo23vylCBkM1tR5rgHMHlX4qI-lgbboVXKAZLohpyQzD_w/s1600/Chinese_farmers.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
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By the 1890s, there were 5-10,000 Chinese men living in New
York (and about 100 Chinese women.) Among the things they missed most—no doubt
well down the list from their women—were traditional Chinese vegetables. </div>
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It wasn’t long before some of these immigrants realized the
opportunity and set up farms in the outlying areas of New York. One Astoria
farm is described in an illustrated article, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rorQAAAAMAAJ&dq=chinese%20farmer%2C%20long%20island%20city&pg=PA489#v=onepage&q&f=false">“A
Celestial Farm On Long Island”</a>, found in an 1893 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly</i>. This one
was to the east of the <a href="http://astoriahistory.smugmug.com/keyword/1900s/1/431334531_vrpNgXq#!i=431334531&k=vrpNgXq">Astoria
Silk Works</a>, located at 23rd Avenue and Steinway Street. It is also
mentioned in the 1902 book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2vQTAAAAYAAJ&dq=new%20york%20sketches&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false">New
York Sketches</a></i>, by Jesse Lynch Williams, from which the illustration at
right was taken.</div>
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An article from 1906 <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4LQRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA513&lpg=PA513&dq=astoria+steinway+chinese&source=bl&ots=FNkk5dZqtY&sig=zqHyW2HLw1JQZZcGxAmcsy6g1Dg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mG1DUJKiJYfW6wGdi4CIAQ&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=astoria%20steinway%20chinese&f=false">mentions
another farm</a> located near Steinway. I’ve found other mentions of this farm
and believe it was located along Bowery Bay, between Steinway and what was then
called North Beach but is now LaGuardia Airport. I found the census page (image below) that
lists these farmers. Their place was located on Bowery Bay Road, and their
closest neighbor was a German piano maker, who obviously worked in Steinway.</div>
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You can see that several of these Chinese were married and
had been in the U.S. for ten to twenty years. Their wives were waiting for them
back in China—patiently, one hopes.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Bowery Bay Road was an old thoroughfare the remnants of
which are <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=20th+road+and+Steinway+St.,+queens,+ny&hl=en&ll=40.774513,-73.901725&spn=0.010335,0.022037&sll=40.777178,-73.903098&sspn=0.010334,0.022037&hnear=Steinway+St+%26+20th+Rd,+Queens,+New+York+11105&t=m&z=16">20<sup>th</sup>
Road</a> in Steinway and Bowery Bay Boulevard, located just east of the
LaGuardia runways. North Beach was an entertainment center. A sort of low-end
Coney Island, I believe, where gambling went on very openly.</div>
Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-6820093751582674882013-08-11T10:37:00.001-04:002015-08-24T16:06:32.111-04:00Crossing New York by Ferry in 1900<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisotWgT2ILqUTGpKMFy6srXC-neQVFMkiVms9kHlXNI-_PyVPVN_Ii76u1eNeMpSHQAwcJZiywwAizF_jzwbf0kBvsNiRdaBld85a02acrljKiUnazB08apJZhPMd-FjNZXlSjpG7XRbY/s1600/Ferry-fulton-1890--horses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisotWgT2ILqUTGpKMFy6srXC-neQVFMkiVms9kHlXNI-_PyVPVN_Ii76u1eNeMpSHQAwcJZiywwAizF_jzwbf0kBvsNiRdaBld85a02acrljKiUnazB08apJZhPMd-FjNZXlSjpG7XRbY/s200/Ferry-fulton-1890--horses.jpg" width="200" /></a>By 1910, there were more than a dozen bridges and tunnels crossing
the East River of New York. But in 1900, there was just the Brooklyn Bridge. It
carried a staggering amount of traffic, but clearly it wasn’t enough.</div>
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The first steam ferry service across the East River was initiated
by Robert Fulton in 1814. By 1900, numerous ferries crossed from half a dozen
ferry terminals on Manhattan to terminals in Brooklyn and Queens. In <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218039263500317621833.0004cd2401e59aa27c13b&msa=0&ll=40.709141,-73.976955&spn=0.040208,0.087805">the
Google map</a> I created for my book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.streetcarmysteries.com/crossings/">Crossings</a></i>, I added most
of their routes. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHidSQ3TvDkREzbd24QtI2JQAPDc6ShrizVM0NkqSxM7oJ565VAFnCGuuGPn075aUjx5ncy6kinRzD-QCdgkvayAPPRSP2PquMT2zNyK1YUbz4eP6KUb882_VCPxyMJG6SjY67nJ0QY1U/s1600/Ferry-richmond-carriage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHidSQ3TvDkREzbd24QtI2JQAPDc6ShrizVM0NkqSxM7oJ565VAFnCGuuGPn075aUjx5ncy6kinRzD-QCdgkvayAPPRSP2PquMT2zNyK1YUbz4eP6KUb882_VCPxyMJG6SjY67nJ0QY1U/s200/Ferry-richmond-carriage.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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The ferries carried both people and horse-drawn carriages and
wagons. There were three cabins on the modern ferries of 1900. On the main
deck, a cabin was provided for each sex. Most likely it wasn’t modesty that necessitated
providing a women’s cabin, but rather the appetite for cigar smoking among men.
It was taken as a given that women didn’t smoke. But if by chance a woman did, she
could go to the unisex upper-deck cabin. </div>
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Between the two main-deck cabins, an
open area ran the length of the ferry. This is where horse-drawn vehicles made
the voyage. You can see horses in the first image.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivXi7UvNWSeUotqg9xcQaH9gAezYvKXxnwtN_l2REyzcmxaqYznhnUK8x1kFf7S9AUBOsgNBMfq4pgHmPgMu4luAntOo_zPHv5zWk8XltxlApVNgw0geKD-c3l0saAewkKf83uyKGKGI0/s1600/car+float+dock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivXi7UvNWSeUotqg9xcQaH9gAezYvKXxnwtN_l2REyzcmxaqYznhnUK8x1kFf7S9AUBOsgNBMfq4pgHmPgMu4luAntOo_zPHv5zWk8XltxlApVNgw0geKD-c3l0saAewkKf83uyKGKGI0/s320/car+float+dock.jpg" width="320" /></a>Most of the freight that moved in and out of New York went
by water. There was just one railroad freight line into Manhattan, and no line
at all between Brooklyn and Queens on Long Island and the mainland. But there
were small freight rail lines that served their factories. To move their freight
cars to and from rail heads on the mainland—most often in New Jersey—they used
barges laid with track known as car floats. These were loaded and unloaded at specialized
docks. Then a tugboat would haul the barges to a similar dock at their
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<![endif]-->Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0East River, New York, NY, USA40.717078515797866 -73.97094726562540.668944015797862 -74.051628265625 40.765213015797869 -73.890266265625tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-61992480604315362522013-08-04T13:13:00.002-04:002015-08-24T16:06:32.104-04:00Vice Dens of the Eastern District<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtLfXlBXM-ifMz_G4KQcsJXywaD8MZIRenfQpVVTdfkH6fPNEv-VzeWdgCg5F5wiWIhEUvFoiCVlIM9YnKSYtuC6YKZKw44tfhzqlmx1sihQA6nJZZSq6xRq2dEMmcJ5QRXAianUpWDD0/s1600/vice_flourishing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtLfXlBXM-ifMz_G4KQcsJXywaD8MZIRenfQpVVTdfkH6fPNEv-VzeWdgCg5F5wiWIhEUvFoiCVlIM9YnKSYtuC6YKZKw44tfhzqlmx1sihQA6nJZZSq6xRq2dEMmcJ5QRXAianUpWDD0/s1600/vice_flourishing.jpg" /></a>The article at left appeared on <a href="http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=BEagle&BaseHref=BEG/1900/11/18&PageLabelPrint=&EntityId=Ar00101&ViewMode=GIF&GZ=T">the
front page</a> of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Skins/BEagle/Client.asp?Skin=BEagle&AW=1298235083234&AppName=2&GZ=T">Brooklyn
Daily Eagle</a></i> of November <sup>th</sup>, 1900. Of course, there was no
recent upsurge of vice in the Eastern District, just an upsurge in pious
morality. The scolds were on the march and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i> was hopping on the bandwagon. These periodic eruptions
of civic censure had become a prominent feature of life in New York after the
Civil War. The apparatus du jour was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Fifteen">Committee of Fifteen</a>,
a group of self-appointed guardians public morality.<br />
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The Eastern District comprised Williamsburg, Greenpoint, and
Bushwick. Much of the article is taken up by the reporter’s first-person
account of visits to various vice dens. What it amounts to is a lot of
suspicions about gambling and prostitution. But what he finds just as troubling
is the mixing of the races. This is a perfect example of <a href="http://goingplaces.streetcarmysteries.com/2012/03/losing-ground-african-americans-in.html">how
Southern racists had managed to export</a> their fear and loathing of
African-Americans northward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eagle</i> regularly referred to
African-American neighborhoods <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as “negro
colonies.” In fact, African-Americans made up barely 1% of Brooklyn’s
population in 1900, and the percentage had actually fallen over the previous
decade.</div>
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While there was plenty of gambling and prostitution going on,
the author seems peculiarly inept at finding any proof of it. The various vigilante
committees and their investigators generally did a better job. But for them,
too, racism, xenophobia, and classism featured large. This is well documented by
Jennifer Fronc in her book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/new-york-undercover-private-surveillance-in-the-progressive-era/oclc/317922987">New
York Undercover</a></i>.</div>
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The politicians and police were generally forced to take up
the mantle for a time. But they had learned how to set the public against the scolds.
They used what’s now called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_%28politics%29">triangulation</a>
to appear as the reasonable center between the extremes of wantonness and puritanism.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the spring of 1901, the police began
strictly enforcing the widely unpopular state law against the selling of liquor
on the Sabbath. This law had a number of loopholes and enforcement had typically
been lax. But instead of targeting the seedy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raines_law">Raines Law</a> hotels, the
police took on the German dance halls of Williamsburg. These places catered to
middle-class families at a time when the weekend lasted from Saturday evening
until Monday morning. Saturday night was the one night the average person could
have some fun and not be facing a 10- to 12-hour workday the next morning. Though
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the halls were closed Sunday, where they
erred was in staying open past midnight on Saturday. So the police <a href="http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=BEG/1901/03/24/1/Ar00102.xml&CollName=BEG_APA3_1900-1905&DOCID=280870&PageLabelPrint=&Skin=BEagle&GZ=T&AW=1375628350859&sScopeID=All&sPublication=BEG&sSorting=IssueDateID%2cdesc&sQuery=german%20police%20sunday%20york%20midnight&rEntityType=&RefineQueryView=&StartFrom=8&ViewMode=GIF&GZ=T">clamped
down</a> and turned another group of upright citizens against the crusaders.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGfKtuCYfEGpDirjxyzesVUZq9GrBBnotcR9pyo2AAyNLCaK4KJM-5qWPrPFO9Ao-U1fi5Y9dgcZeqfN1E94c5ffop1B6w9dykD1upnXx9iStSKoKjUNF_KajzmX3hFC0XXg5c1DYbQfI/s1600/mindens-tavern.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGfKtuCYfEGpDirjxyzesVUZq9GrBBnotcR9pyo2AAyNLCaK4KJM-5qWPrPFO9Ao-U1fi5Y9dgcZeqfN1E94c5ffop1B6w9dykD1upnXx9iStSKoKjUNF_KajzmX3hFC0XXg5c1DYbQfI/s320/mindens-tavern.jpg" width="296" /></a></div>
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The hypocrisy is best summed up by an episode involving
Michael Minden. Minden owned a variety of hotels and saloons, and there is
little doubt gambling was an important part of his business. His hotel at the top
end of Broadway in Williamsburg was raided. No one was found to be actively gambling,
almost certainly because he’d been tipped off by a friendly precinct captain.
However, a roulette wheel and some other bits of gambling gear were seized.
Without any actual evidence of gambling, the case against him was dismissed.
Then, a while later, Minden’s lawyer went to court and successfully sued for the
return of his roulette wheel.</div>
Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0Eastern District of Brooklyn40.70909993386524 -73.94445637363276140.685027433865237 -73.98479687363276 40.733172433865242 -73.904115873632762tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-87462539456276701922012-07-29T16:50:00.001-04:002015-08-24T16:06:32.118-04:00The Don't Worry Movement In 1894, Theodore Frelinghuysen Seward, a musicologist, published a book entitled <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ybY_AAAAYAAJ"><i>The Don't Worry Philosophy.</i></a> He followed this up with <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ng4MAAAAYAAJ"><i>Don't Worry: or, Spiritual Emancipation</i></a> in 1897 and <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-tY8AAAAYAAJ"><i>The Don't Worry Movement</i></a> in 1898. The Don't Worry doctrine was somewhat vague, but it was essentially an attempt to rescue the essence of Christianity from all the layers of dogma built over the previous 2,000 years. Though even Seward had trouble <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9903E0DE1030E333A25754C2A9649C94699ED7CF">providing a succinct definition.</a> <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXkV8v97VlFgxjmA1myp_8gsEf15cpbTYaZ2snIziXiZd2qxQD309Hc0Ei038ZpcRwJFG1ZlIxHgRBPFS5p6qa1AB-AtvX2_kjBYqVJMtECmuXbpN2IbGLT-Hm3PFvbGdi4VW48Z5Rpk/s1600/dont-worryj.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXkV8v97VlFgxjmA1myp_8gsEf15cpbTYaZ2snIziXiZd2qxQD309Hc0Ei038ZpcRwJFG1ZlIxHgRBPFS5p6qa1AB-AtvX2_kjBYqVJMtECmuXbpN2IbGLT-Hm3PFvbGdi4VW48Z5Rpk/s320/dont-worryj.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
The public at large, however, had no problem deciding on a far simpler definition. As a follower of the Don't Worry doctrine, you needed to simply toss your cares aside. Seward attempted to channel the public's enthusiasm for the movement into organized circles of Christian brotherhood. How successful he was isn't clear. But the version created in the public imagination flourished until at least the 1920s.<br />
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Outside of Seward's own writings, it's difficult to find any serious articles on the topic. But searching the phrase "Don't Worry Club" in newspaper databases turns up hundreds of references of a lighter sort. Sometimes these are just the little bits of humor newspapers of the time stuck between stories, like the one above. <a href="http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=BEG/1902/10/05/47/Ar04724.xml&CollName=BEG_APA3_1900-1905&DOCID=657080&PageLabelPrint=&Skin=BEagle&AW=1298235083234&GZ=T&sScopeID=All&sPublication=BEG&sSorting=Score%2cdesc&sQuery=%22don%27t%20worry%20club%22&rEntityType=&RefineQueryView=&StartFrom=8&ViewMode=GIF&GZ=T">In one I found in <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle,</i></a> a woman complains that her husband's friends advised him to join the Club before getting married. Then there are longer humor pieces, such as <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F0081EFF3D5D11738DDDAD0A94DD405B838CF1D3">"A Short Tale of the Don't Worry Club</a>," which appeared in <i>The New York Times</i> in 1903.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiOY1aYrSWALrGM_69VJDYxkDuoMyD8LGTThC-3soVZaMdAgWKFVkl5obDpYOhg7maxR3FdxorIXd_mZHS1HXHUztOZHdiLDYfz2ZM7wF32066KBjFocBdmjf9r53NF4EN0DoUlYUCRjE/s1600/dont-worry1r.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiOY1aYrSWALrGM_69VJDYxkDuoMyD8LGTThC-3soVZaMdAgWKFVkl5obDpYOhg7maxR3FdxorIXd_mZHS1HXHUztOZHdiLDYfz2ZM7wF32066KBjFocBdmjf9r53NF4EN0DoUlYUCRjE/s200/dont-worry1r.tif" width="200" /></a></div>
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But apparently there were also some semi-organized, or ad hoc, clubs. The one in Brooklyn seemed to be principally an excuse for going on Sunday outings. An article in <i>The Eagle</i> from July 1901 is entitled <a href="http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=BEG/1901/07/15/7/Ar00701.xml&CollName=BEG_APA3_1900-1905&DOCID=359084&PageLabelPrint=&Skin=BEagle&AW=1298235083234&GZ=T&sScopeID=All&sPublication=BEG&sSorting=Score%2cdesc&sQuery=%22don%27t%20worry%20club%22&rEntityType=&RefineQueryView=&StartFrom=0&ViewMode=GIF&GZ=T">"Exalted Optimists' Outing."</a> In this adventure, the "aggregation without a home, an organization or any hope of future temporal existence," traveled via the Long Island Railroad to Montauk. Reference is made to the baggage car and worrying while traveling through "no license" (dry) towns. I infer that they had a bar set up there.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQvZvBlErkTqoob3bW13zhtb6q9PDnuwxjaOhUX5Bf1xx_JmCxxdObRJPCUaAm2Gf-DOBlWiBqUM0sXGs4kw53NfjuFUGCdBuaVZSWJXOakFUrmqUgS_UTYZvSsFrQ_QBOG64tETFT9Ck/s1600/dont-worry1.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQvZvBlErkTqoob3bW13zhtb6q9PDnuwxjaOhUX5Bf1xx_JmCxxdObRJPCUaAm2Gf-DOBlWiBqUM0sXGs4kw53NfjuFUGCdBuaVZSWJXOakFUrmqUgS_UTYZvSsFrQ_QBOG64tETFT9Ck/s200/dont-worry1.tif" width="200" /></a>Not surprisingly, it didn't take businesses long to exploit the doctrine's popular appeal. I've seen ads that mention the Club for no-worry loans, no-worry dresses, no-worry fur storage, etc. One popular use was on brass tokens. Tokens like these were already popular at the time and the Don't Worry theme was something <a href="http://www.sageventure.com/coins/worry.html">all sorts of businesses </a>wanted to be associated with. As the reverse of my "Old Prentice Whisky" token (above) illustrates, these made use of <a href="http://www.sageventure.com/coins/tokens.html">various good luck symbols,</a> such as shamrocks, wishbones, horseshoes, and the then-innocent swastika. <br />
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<br />Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-9882045943739012252012-07-18T15:11:00.000-04:002015-08-24T16:06:32.121-04:00Travel by Steam: City to CityIf you traveled any distance in the early 1900s it was almost certainly by steam power, either by railroad or steamship. The northeast U.S. was extremely well-covered by rail lines. In fact they had generally over-built, there being more track than could be profitably maintained. Which is one of the reasons railroads, like airlines today, frequently found themselves in bankruptcy.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABQZsVnIBdVtw6Ak9KYQ1QG330kDYfJCFf509cYF2YsCuY_9c8v9oRnl8OrQoOKQSrMSSTNMnKSkvE-_7vRlHkiOZAUKxLe6ztQzSQX8-gdELscsZrWXVI_3hAQBM1EH5FAjgIcvfr1E/s1600/off-guide.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABQZsVnIBdVtw6Ak9KYQ1QG330kDYfJCFf509cYF2YsCuY_9c8v9oRnl8OrQoOKQSrMSSTNMnKSkvE-_7vRlHkiOZAUKxLe6ztQzSQX8-gdELscsZrWXVI_3hAQBM1EH5FAjgIcvfr1E/s320/off-guide.tif" width="216" /></a>Major cities, and many smaller ones, were serviced by multiple railroads, usually running along somewhat different routes. And each railroad ran many different trains. So figuring out the best route between two cities could be difficult. The bible of rail travel was <i>The Official Guide of the Railways</i>. Several of these are online, including <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7B2l5G_Veb0C">a 1904 edition at Google Books.</a> Under listings for each railroad it has schedules for every passenger train. Finding the schedule for trains between New York and Albany on the New York Central is fairly easy. But for smaller cities on less prominent routes, it can be time-consuming. And comparing trains on different railroads can also be difficult. I imagine most people going on complex trips relied on a railroad or other agent.<br />
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Passenger fares were rarely published, but seem to have been approximately two cents per mile, so a one-hundred-mile journey would be about $2, equivalent to $50-$100 today, depending on <a href="http://goingplaces.streetcarmysteries.com/2012/03/what-did-it-cost-in-1900-how-much-did.html">how you compare prices.</a> I don't believe express trains generally cost any more. But by stopping in only a few cities, they did shave a great deal of time off a trip. Limiteds were usually the fastest expresses. With limiteds, at some stops passengers could <i>only</i> board, and at others, <i>only</i> disembark. This shaved off a little more time. For instance, on the New York, New Haven and Hartford (NYNH&H), an express from New York to Boston took about six hours and a limited about five hours.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbc-FX1vueOOukfdNpPY2rCx-tkL5ux6cIFVEjXjt3amc98AOUcxQdIy0_LfvqhQuaFpxqH8-1Gw6I74xAVSN1gf0zxDhgzo99ISxuBBs6y558JoFXf1dJE_X5ffAGzhzocE1mT1QKCmA/s1600/pullman-sleeper.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbc-FX1vueOOukfdNpPY2rCx-tkL5ux6cIFVEjXjt3amc98AOUcxQdIy0_LfvqhQuaFpxqH8-1Gw6I74xAVSN1gf0zxDhgzo99ISxuBBs6y558JoFXf1dJE_X5ffAGzhzocE1mT1QKCmA/s320/pullman-sleeper.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
On the larger railroads, expresses usually had Pullman parlor cars. These cars were owned by the Pullman Company and leased to the railroads. Pullman maintained the cars and the porters manning them were Pullman employees. Most sleeping cars in 1900 were coaches that converted into sleepers. The facing seats combined into a berth and a second, upper, berth folded down from compartments that looked similar to the overhead storage bins on planes. In the photo at right, one side is made into berths, while the other is still configured as a coach. Privacy was obviously problematic.<br />
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These cars were also usually Pullman-owned and travelers paid an additional $2-$3 for the privilege. That's about what a room would run in a nice, but not expensive, hotel.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJNR7_3NTbpWYNKC2hzNU_n3xN4Gpy6K-1fpDqARTBwYKzzc_yvaXsIYcCBYuqEZfRwtRw89sx5idHRe3SnJzuxVcEJZJgnuPiwqJ9c-ZXnKXcSMk6wHh8fAt3kqg57TRFPJpnxmqm5I/s1600/chippewa.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJNR7_3NTbpWYNKC2hzNU_n3xN4Gpy6K-1fpDqARTBwYKzzc_yvaXsIYcCBYuqEZfRwtRw89sx5idHRe3SnJzuxVcEJZJgnuPiwqJ9c-ZXnKXcSMk6wHh8fAt3kqg57TRFPJpnxmqm5I/s1600/chippewa.tif" /></a>Travelers between coastal cities could usually opt to take a steamship. These boats plied the Great Lakes and ran all up and down the East Coast. The 1903<i> Appletons' Dictionary of Greater New York</i> lists more than a hundred routes between New York and other cities. Most are to nearby cities, but others serviced Boston, Washington, and Savannah. The steamship routes usually paralleled railroad routes, and the cost was comparable. For instance, a ticket on the NYNH&H from New York to Boston would run about $5. That's about what a cabin on a steamship would run, though there was also a $3 option if you would forgo the cabin.<br />
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The chief difference was that the trains were much faster. As I mentioned above, the Limited to Boston took just five hours. The steamship took closer to twenty. The trains also ran much more frequently. I assume most people opting for the steamship simply saw it as a more pleasant way of traveling. Which explains why many of the nearby routes offered excursion fares. The routes up the Hudson were especially popular with day-trippers.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-83852825841305289912012-07-13T12:26:00.000-04:002015-08-24T16:03:13.943-04:00Buffalo at the Turn of the 20th Century<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYswU05bZMacqgquYReq-ADvdDUvHJ-TdHjHZn1cKrCDoP7NrWxPbit1ydXXhbAzE-xStsccNsM0o8DlcSrq8ixlRLNHXY9sE0uOLf-aLVqdtvn0vnk9GYAuG0vGv-SkqEEmxQ2E2unEA/s1600/buff-labor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYswU05bZMacqgquYReq-ADvdDUvHJ-TdHjHZn1cKrCDoP7NrWxPbit1ydXXhbAzE-xStsccNsM0o8DlcSrq8ixlRLNHXY9sE0uOLf-aLVqdtvn0vnk9GYAuG0vGv-SkqEEmxQ2E2unEA/s400/buff-labor.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Labor Day Parade in Buffalo, ca. 1900.</td></tr>
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Until 1817, Buffalo was a small village like many others along the Great Lakes. But that was the year work began on <a href="http://www.eriecanal.org/">the Erie Canal</a>, which would link Lake Erie with the Hudson River. Completed in 1825, the Canal was a very costly, and risky, public works project. But it was wildly successful and would assure the prosperity of New York State--and, even more particularly, that of New York City, at the base of the Hudson, and Buffalo, at the western terminus of the Canal.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghnnlPATy8IS-fs69WzlOtIIU-w2pmWb8K4KmU5gn7uO2dnEU4iY7xssizxRMN4Ac-6or1dU9nLhODkGZkVqOppsQTZv3EWFoKDoUbNjcBM8jGTNNqpaRaU1eh4A0nBOrW04PC2v6Snjg/s1600/buff-harb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghnnlPATy8IS-fs69WzlOtIIU-w2pmWb8K4KmU5gn7uO2dnEU4iY7xssizxRMN4Ac-6or1dU9nLhODkGZkVqOppsQTZv3EWFoKDoUbNjcBM8jGTNNqpaRaU1eh4A0nBOrW04PC2v6Snjg/s320/buff-harb.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elevators, canal boats, lake steamers & harbor ferry.</td></tr>
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At a time before railroads, or even serviceable highways, goods could be
brought to Buffalo by ship and transferred to canal boats. Grain was
the main cargo of the ships arriving from the Midwest, and Buffalo soon
became a major distribution point for wheat and other grains. In 1842, <a href="http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/grain/history/history.htm">the first grain elevator</a>
was built in Buffalo. The elevator used steam-powered conveyers to
unload the grain from ships and into bins within the large wooden tower.
Throughout the 19th century, the towers grew in number and size, even as
railroads supplanted the Canal. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2l18bfiuwA0LZGdnFZeM3y2yM8oPhQlxL6dCOweqx1zXXRPyzgNQZ4lL8BfqcAjf4OYrta2S3b22D6B-NhyphenhyphenxsZB4vN6yFqSCOF081YYbwCQGlLAY8GO0-RBvGCxHN201E0ejTtqT0Tg/s1600/Ellicott+Square.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2l18bfiuwA0LZGdnFZeM3y2yM8oPhQlxL6dCOweqx1zXXRPyzgNQZ4lL8BfqcAjf4OYrta2S3b22D6B-NhyphenhyphenxsZB4vN6yFqSCOF081YYbwCQGlLAY8GO0-RBvGCxHN201E0ejTtqT0Tg/s200/Ellicott+Square.jpg" width="200" /></a>By 1900 Buffalo held a key position as a transportation hub. Grain, iron ore and lumber came in from the west, while coal and other goods arrived from the east. As a consequence, both flour and steel mills developed into major industries. And since all the major railroads of the northeast serviced Buffalo, they too became major employers. The population of the city was growing rapidly and stood at 350,000. Buffalo was then the 8th-largest city in the U.S. (in 2011, it was #72).<br />
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As with a lot of American cities, Buffalo was in the middle of a great building boom. In 1896, <a href="http://buffaloah.com/a/main/295/index.html">Ellicott Square</a> (above) was completed. Taking up an entire city block, it was at the time the world's largest office building. What's more amazing, it still is <a href="http://buffaloah.com/a/main/295/index.html">intact.</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP3bs0NO1LWqdGbieMv6cCyjGRt8LsOuBvOa62bshcd_dTDOdwYG25pfuyNNHED8-wRjpjl_Rbcq6SgZ8w2BKrJ9OuG4NclSRYa4E1Zx0Z-OzFcyJ_eoHNSByWdjABS-X3ypINiWmrAq0/s1600/buff-del-pk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP3bs0NO1LWqdGbieMv6cCyjGRt8LsOuBvOa62bshcd_dTDOdwYG25pfuyNNHED8-wRjpjl_Rbcq6SgZ8w2BKrJ9OuG4NclSRYa4E1Zx0Z-OzFcyJ_eoHNSByWdjABS-X3ypINiWmrAq0/s400/buff-del-pk.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
Another amazing thing about Buffalo is the devotion of its fans to its history. One of the best local history sites on the Web is Chuck LaChiusa<span style="color: black;">'s</span> <a href="http://buffaloah.com/">Buffalo Architecture and History,</a> which has individual pages for individual buildings as well as architects. For instance, there is a page for <a href="http://buffaloah.com/a/archs/ov/hp.html">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>, who designed a number of Buffalo's parks, including Delaware Park, seen above on a busy day.<br />
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But no discussion of Buffalo in 1900 can be complete without mention of <a href="http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/grain/scoopers/scoopers.htm">the grain scoopers</a> and the <a href="http://www.buffalorising.com/2012/03/building-buffalo-harbor-ferries.html">harbor ferries,</a> both explored at local history sites well worth visiting.<br />
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Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-15775424025252404602012-07-06T20:08:00.004-04:002015-08-24T16:06:32.093-04:00Useful Maps, ca. 1900<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMUhFWvCvfxXP1vw7JwRctkpL-hIfXrYL8JwAMquVnwr-wwu4v4WhrAdkAZzOBqcQtFBGU8CsdbG1iH_itfRt6i0919QAqCUpe7ab_UVsl4Zqvw8yflMWRGsHMB12hDcHGQDQ88GmDZiI/s1600/buff-pmap1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMUhFWvCvfxXP1vw7JwRctkpL-hIfXrYL8JwAMquVnwr-wwu4v4WhrAdkAZzOBqcQtFBGU8CsdbG1iH_itfRt6i0919QAqCUpe7ab_UVsl4Zqvw8yflMWRGsHMB12hDcHGQDQ88GmDZiI/s320/buff-pmap1.jpg" width="310" /></a>I'm one of those people who love maps. And I've come across all sorts of interesting maps in my research.<br />
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The most interesting of all is a perspective map of Buffalo from 1902, which the Library of Congress has put up in a <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd380/g3804/g3804b/pm005430.jp2&style=citymap&itemLink=D?gmd:3:./temp/%7Eammem_ClVA::&title=Buffalo,%20Erie%20Co.,%20N.Y.">zoomable version.</a> <br />
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What you see at right is a corner of the city along the waterfront. That's maybe 2% of the map. The buildings are rendered with such detail that many are identifiable from photographs. There are a lot of perspective maps from the period, many in the <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/cityhome.html">Library of Congress's Cities & Towns collection.</a> But I've never seen another with anything like this level of detail. It's like a Google Street View from 110 years ago.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaa99jREDeJ8HH91JkSMRICxOC3JZ72P5enPlB6zxIGRtl9IDauCSnJjZm-9pKCmVEi7yh4_ZQSWMzWJsh0HTEQyXPvzPfHVng-ABbH7v0chpGVhwGolRuKAHe1RzdwpYx6wzGpry6_F4/s1600/brok-map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaa99jREDeJ8HH91JkSMRICxOC3JZ72P5enPlB6zxIGRtl9IDauCSnJjZm-9pKCmVEi7yh4_ZQSWMzWJsh0HTEQyXPvzPfHVng-ABbH7v0chpGVhwGolRuKAHe1RzdwpYx6wzGpry6_F4/s200/brok-map.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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If you want to see how people got about, you need a map like this Rand McNally <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~20751~560032:Rand,-McNally-&-Co-s--indexed-atlas?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&qvq=w4s:/where/Brooklyn%20%28New%20York,%20N.Y.%29;q:brooklyn;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY%7E8%7E1&mi=23&trs=31">1897 map of Brooklyn.</a> The red lines are the street car routes, and the dashed lines in the river are the ferry routes.<br />
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This is from <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/">the David Rumsey Map Collection,</a> perhaps the largest available online. But there are dozens of smaller collections, many at state and municipal library sites.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC0gZYGxz6KduukbHYJMddJNm4WsYdU4VxS1sx-7nF9ZojzIZTmU4oPjvBycvGdl4CAaFKotrRdLKu-FjAF45XTCp_oBmYfd4_5xAXFnZLlW5qA7msFgq_azcad_-Ip8KZyKr5P_pxv3c/s1600/brok-top.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC0gZYGxz6KduukbHYJMddJNm4WsYdU4VxS1sx-7nF9ZojzIZTmU4oPjvBycvGdl4CAaFKotrRdLKu-FjAF45XTCp_oBmYfd4_5xAXFnZLlW5qA7msFgq_azcad_-Ip8KZyKr5P_pxv3c/s320/brok-top.jpg" width="257" /></a></div>
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Topographical maps from the U.S. Geological Survey offer fairly precise information about an area. For instance, the portion of <a href="http://docs.unh.edu/NY/brkl98sw.jpg">the map at right</a> is from 1898. I found it at the <a href="http://docs.unh.edu/nhtopos/nhtopos.htm">University of New Hampshire.</a> It shows an area of Brooklyn between Prospect Park and Sheepshead Bay. In less developed areas like this, the USGS maps show individual buildings.<br />
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Interestingly, most maps of the period show the area's streets already laid out. But from this we can see it was still open ground. And from what I've read in newspapers of the time, some was still wooded.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjYVqHBQMIxiq46llo5d4sVhKcetoToPKwZxsSkJSvXHyiATeE7Z4su8myB3ncT4SuxnbptHuwayIFnHlRabIzm565Y9FeGMNvD8rrpl-JEgzAn5scMYgrAxBruLcUXiZxPHjTs4TKd5U/s1600/dc-re-map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjYVqHBQMIxiq46llo5d4sVhKcetoToPKwZxsSkJSvXHyiATeE7Z4su8myB3ncT4SuxnbptHuwayIFnHlRabIzm565Y9FeGMNvD8rrpl-JEgzAn5scMYgrAxBruLcUXiZxPHjTs4TKd5U/s320/dc-re-map.jpg" width="320" /></a>Real estate atlases offer another interesting point of view. A number of these are online, including <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/gmd:@filreq%28@field%28NUMBER+@band%28g3851bm+gct00131a%29%29+@field%28COLLID+citymap%29%29"><i>Baist's Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Washington, D.C.</i></a><i> </i>at the Library of Congress.<br />
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The close-up at left is of an area between G & H Streets, NE. The pink buildings are masonry, the yellow wood-frame. H Street is at the top of the image<i>.</i> Cabbage Alley<i>, </i>which I've labeled, was one of many inhabited alleys in Washington. The poor, mostly African-Americans, resided in the alleys. The dwellings were primitive at best and the bane of public health officials. And though the politicians and the press managed to ignore them for years, the map makers recorded them in detail.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-79680777224953881372012-06-25T19:50:00.000-04:002015-08-24T16:03:13.939-04:00Dr. Linn's Museum of Anatomy<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI5kQdNSbHVQUQSPkANavHFGP7dTGgUWmRJACn07ROhFcjjXNOgAZjZgBPG2sFipU2Fa05J8mmnx3DonP0EIB_T3rdy7LiB-gt4iM5TLFaCK0FDgC0Mfu28qaqoUVlb1Xh5Uq4_fWB9-E/s1600/dr-linns-street.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI5kQdNSbHVQUQSPkANavHFGP7dTGgUWmRJACn07ROhFcjjXNOgAZjZgBPG2sFipU2Fa05J8mmnx3DonP0EIB_T3rdy7LiB-gt4iM5TLFaCK0FDgC0Mfu28qaqoUVlb1Xh5Uq4_fWB9-E/s200/dr-linns-street.jpg" width="100" /></a>Museums of curiosities were very popular in the 19th century. These museums encompassed all sorts of exhibits, and sometimes live performances, but most included anatomical specimens and figures in wax, often depicting grotesque deformities and maladies. P.T. Barnum's museum in New York eventually evolved into his circus. <br />
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Dr. Linn's Museum of Anatomy was located in Buffalo during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was right on Main Street, just down the block from the city's finest hotel. I'm fairly sure the sign in the photo at right is for Dr. Linn's. It's actually a different part of the photo that I use as the background.<br />
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Museums like Dr. Linn's included a variety of exhibits of animals and humans. But they were usually intended to provide clients for the proprietor's medical practice, which explains why there was an emphasis on diseases of men, particularly venereal diseases. Many of the exhibits were used to illustrate the consequences of leaving such cases untreated. After putting the fear of God into their patrons, placards or ushers would make them aware that an experienced doctor was on hand for immediate treatment. Perhaps the anonymity was part of the attraction for patients not wanting to consult the family physician.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32mpvHJevNIz4JknTQqpKfHrA7tPnZXiLsyyyhv3Ti3N3ZOtz-cnjBQ9AjVltyHoYXn670kz3sMwvjb5amoCvG5qgs4xdqiVnkJG3kfjZUjQp2w5aAdsfm4WzAT4VOVFgkkNKCWXcYuw/s1600/dr-linns.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32mpvHJevNIz4JknTQqpKfHrA7tPnZXiLsyyyhv3Ti3N3ZOtz-cnjBQ9AjVltyHoYXn670kz3sMwvjb5amoCvG5qgs4xdqiVnkJG3kfjZUjQp2w5aAdsfm4WzAT4VOVFgkkNKCWXcYuw/s200/dr-linns.jpg" width="146" /></a>The image at left is the cover of Dr. Linn's catalog from 1896 that was sold in an auction a while back. The seller noted that there was "an emphasis on sex organs and diseases, although there are insects, a pterodactyl, shellfish, snakes, etc., and engravings of George Washington." Another description of one of these museums is found in an 1873 medical journal and quoted in Michael Sappol's excellent article <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_2072012811">"Morbid curiosity<b>: </b>The Decline and Fall of the Popular Anatomical Museum":</a><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>It was a collection of anatomical models and dissections, with
representations of skin and venereal diseases, most improper for public
exhibition, and calculated to excite the morbid curiosity of the young
together with its peculiar forms of hypochondria. Vile pamphlets were on
hand to induce those having or fearing disease to consult the
proprietor. The harm which this single establishment must have done
cannot be calculated.</i></blockquote>
<br />
As Sappol explains, the museums provided "plenty of models and specimens of
vaginas, penises, breasts, and partly dissected (and therefore
unclothed) females." At a time when social norms forbade nudity, science was often used as a means to titillate. Here is an interesting wax model of this kind featured at the <a href="http://morbidanatomy.blogspot.com/2008/05/19th-c-anatomical-venus-unknown.html">Morbid Anatomy</a> blog:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJSsgKn-GvuhWIOWdbmDHgGsvTmJ-s2_jcw_AlG31TjLWwobeA26ueLt1UBH4p96hNxk31PDhfsSwsWtu13tFjRpjuCYkVhklp-EfdcglKHvsNZdXhTyen9TorzxbpMB59IkWpiR8t26k/s1600/anat-venus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJSsgKn-GvuhWIOWdbmDHgGsvTmJ-s2_jcw_AlG31TjLWwobeA26ueLt1UBH4p96hNxk31PDhfsSwsWtu13tFjRpjuCYkVhklp-EfdcglKHvsNZdXhTyen9TorzxbpMB59IkWpiR8t26k/s400/anat-venus.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Though mainly intended for a male clientele, Dr. Linn's also provided separate hours for ladies on Friday afternoons, when female ushers took the places of the men. But how many women were willing to enter a place like this in the middle of the shopping district?Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-45609082099725834842012-05-26T11:49:00.001-04:002015-03-24T16:04:53.161-04:00Weber and Fields: When Burlesque Meant BurlesqueIn the 1960s and '70s, when I was growing up, the word burlesque was synonymous with strip club. Perhaps a higher-class sort of strip club, but nonetheless a sordid place of crass entertainment.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6GsC9oAkANYc9QV4MSL-Q3f2_miyM_huUFolHdp_lEKS2RoH0UDdRrxISrYKLQApXG_78UgMis7tsIYmiCunkKHBHe2V6tm1nRtiWAiNQdX8Jv-69I4gYGz5anB46_Aq1L7cXKCuApP4/s1600/weber-fields-cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6GsC9oAkANYc9QV4MSL-Q3f2_miyM_huUFolHdp_lEKS2RoH0UDdRrxISrYKLQApXG_78UgMis7tsIYmiCunkKHBHe2V6tm1nRtiWAiNQdX8Jv-69I4gYGz5anB46_Aq1L7cXKCuApP4/s320/weber-fields-cover.jpg" width="254" /></a>In 1900, when <span class="st"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Weber_%28vaudevillian%29">Joe Weber</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Fields">Lew Fields</a> were operating their Broadway </span>Music Hall,<span class="st"> burlesque</span> still held its traditional meaning. This is how <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque">Wikipedia defines it</a>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Burlesque is a literary, dramatic or musical work intended to
cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works, or
by ludicrous treatment of their subjects.</i></blockquote>
It differs from satire in that satire uses humor to illuminate some truth, while burlesque pokes fun for the sake of fun. It's caricature without a chip on its shoulder. The book <i>Catch-22</i> is a satire of the military in World War II. The TV show <i>Hogan's Heroes</i> was a burlesque. In the 1960s, television was the medium of choice for burlesque (though the word was never used to describe it). <i>Get Smart, F Troop, </i>and <i>Car 54</i> were burlesques of the spy, western and police genres. More recent examples are the films of Mel Brooks, Leslie Nielsen, and the team Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker. The situation comedies of today's TV all try too hard to have some point--even shows like <i>The Simpsons</i> and <i>South Park</i> feel a need to preach.<br />
<br />
Burlesque first became popular in New York when Lydia Thompson arrived with her troupe, British Blondes, in 1868. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Thompson">Thompson's Wikipedia entry</a> includes this quoted description:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"The eccentricities of pantomime and burlesque – with their curious
combination of comedy, parody, satire, improvisation, song and dance,
variety acts, cross-dressing, extravagant stage effects, risqué jokes
and saucy costumes – while familiar enough to British audiences, took
New York by storm."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Thompson#cite_note-Friends-5"></a></blockquote>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY3X96nrNH101hjxl0zkpcvqLlHG2KHymzmEYbxdwdayvuhv8Tt-4If-4wlRJ24qTgUoImnOsx6ZRg_F8fzRe3Uq3Kta5aqTKUaFJbzi4N-m1GorqbZMOREMxpoQVmlZxax3jJU1E8Tb8/s1600/weber-fields-1st.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY3X96nrNH101hjxl0zkpcvqLlHG2KHymzmEYbxdwdayvuhv8Tt-4If-4wlRJ24qTgUoImnOsx6ZRg_F8fzRe3Uq3Kta5aqTKUaFJbzi4N-m1GorqbZMOREMxpoQVmlZxax3jJU1E8Tb8/s200/weber-fields-1st.jpg" width="188" /></a>The burlesque of 1900 was mainly about making fun of some current trend or topic. In New York, Weber and Fields were the masters and their eponymous music hall the most popular venue. A typical show included songs, chorus girls, and several loosely connected scenes and skits. Weber and Fields specialized in burlesques of contemporary Broadway theatre.<br />
<br />
The images I've used here are from the program for the week of October 15th, 1900. This included their immensely popular piece <a href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=5349"><i>Fiddle-Dee-Dee</i></a>. This piece is set in Paris at the time of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_%281900%29">Exposition Universelle</a> of 1900. The hero, played by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWolf_Hopper">DeWolf Hopper</a>, is described as "an athletic young American, with nothing but money and nothing to do but spend it." Apparently, he meets up with a "Hebrew prestidigitateur," or conjurer. Weber and Fields play supporting roles, and the female leads are played by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Russell">Lillian Russell</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Templeton">Fay Templeton.</a> The latter had a big hit with the song <a href="http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/fa-spnc/id/12849/rec/1">“Ma Blushin’ Rosie, Ma Posie Sweet.”</a> Norman Hapgood provides some further description of <i>Fiddle-Dee-Dee</i>, and Weber and Fields, in his book <i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IKwpAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22the%20stage%20in%20america%22&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Stage in America.</a></i><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeh1BFHwR0LTmMj9nU7kZJ0GzyBTETzp3d_aDidKMW-Pj2Li8GMWNSEJr1MsipIBLJGY2JUWldqwDo3suE8ZVQNRD71fGiF7WrpTkTapw_nVeSwj5pW9ylEaldCFQbJI1hW8VjUvSKfa4/s1600/weber-fields-2nd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeh1BFHwR0LTmMj9nU7kZJ0GzyBTETzp3d_aDidKMW-Pj2Li8GMWNSEJr1MsipIBLJGY2JUWldqwDo3suE8ZVQNRD71fGiF7WrpTkTapw_nVeSwj5pW9ylEaldCFQbJI1hW8VjUvSKfa4/s200/weber-fields-2nd.jpg" width="200" /></a>Also included in the show was an "incidental" dance by <a href="http://travsd.wordpress.com/tag/bessie-clayton/">Bessie Clayton,</a> "La Danse d'Afrique." Bessie Clayton, a regular at Weber and Fields, was apparently trained in ballet, and <a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1567444?uid=3739696&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=56207640613">one article</a> describes her as an Amercian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeline_Gen%C3%A9e">Genée</a>. According to someone knowledgeable in the field, she was also <a href="http://www.danceoutlook.com/2008/10/toetap-history.html">the mother of toetap dancing.</a> Altogether, there are about fifty cast members listed in the program. From what I can tell, many of the same performers were with the company throughout the life of the Music Hall (1896-1904). <br />
<br />
The second "exhibit" was a spoof on the current Broadway production of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Thomas">Augustus Thomas's</a> <a href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=5352"><i>Arizona</i></a>. The same company appeared, this time with Hopper playing Henry Cannedbeef, and Joe Weber appearing as Lena Killer. At other times that season, the second exhibit was <a href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=5349#Quo%20Vass%20Iss?"><i>Quo Vass Iss?</i></a>, a takeoff on the Broadway show <i>Quo Vadis</i>, which was based on a popular novel set in ancient Rome. Hapgood provides some of the lines:<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>I have just returned on the limitus vestibulus from Asbury Park.</i><br />
<br />
<i>You must have a thirstus fit to float a galley. Thou art an easy Markus.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Let us to the boozeorium.</i></blockquote>
<br />
It's unfortunate there are no recordings of these shows, but there are some of Weber and Fields' later works. These are <a href="http://archive.org/details/WeberFields">vaudeville routines recorded in 1912 and 1915</a>. I really enjoyed listening to these. Their playful manipulation of language brings to mind the Marx Brothers (the contract scene seems very similar to the one in <i>Night at the Opera</i>). But of course, Weber and Fields did it first.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-83771807509412041032012-05-10T19:15:00.001-04:002015-08-24T16:06:32.115-04:00Crossing the Ocean: Travelers and Immigrants in 1900The experience of those traveling to and from the U.S. early in the 20th century was very much determined by their wealth. The steamship lines operating then usually offered three classes of cabins. In first class, you usually had a private cabin. In second class, you'd be sharing with several others. And third class was steerage, where you would be in a large room of single men, single women, or families.<br />
<br />
There were usually separate dining rooms and lounges for first- and second-class passengers. Those in third class ate in large dinning halls. Not too long before, in the19th century, most third-class passengers were expected to bring their own provisions.<br />
<br />
There were large differences in the quality of accommodations among different ships, even within the same steamship line. The newest ships tended to be the most lavishly furnished (at least for the first- and second-class passengers) and the fastest. And there was a corresponding wide range of fares. According to the <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=d08-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA990&dq=%22cunard+second+class+ticket%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VjSGT7CKMcTh0QGt07zMBw&ved=0CE8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22cunard%20second%20class%20ticket%22&f=false">1902 <i>What's What</i></a>, first-class fares ranged from 18 to 247 pounds, equivalent to $2,000-$30,000 today. Second class was 8 to 16 pounds, $1,000-$2,000 today. And steerage would run about 5 to 8 pounds, $625-$1,000 today. Put another way, the salary of a New York policeman, or male teacher, was $900 at the time, which would be about 185 pounds. I have a post on <a href="http://goingplacesin1900.blogspot.com/2012/03/what-did-it-cost-in-1900-how-much-did.html">comparing prices and wages</a>.<br />
<br />
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<embed width="240" height="200" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PI9_7M0WHEY&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pad="50"></embed></object>The trip would take anywhere from 5 to 10 days depending on the ship, the route and the weather. The first stop would be in New York's Lower Bay, where a pilot and quarantine officer would come on board. If there were cases of communicable diseases, I believe the patients were removed here and taken to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinburne_Island">Swinburne Island</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_Island">Hoffman Island</a>, two man-made islands in the Lower Bay. From there, the ship would dock at a pier in Manhattan, Brooklyn, or Hoboken, New Jersey, depending on the steamship line. First- and second-class passengers went through an immigration and customs check at the pier. But third-class, steerage, passengers were put on smaller steamboats and taken to Ellis Island for processing.<br />
<br />
Those obsessed with illegal immigration often repeat the canard "yes, my people were immigrants, but they came here legally." But during most of our history, including the time of peak immigration from 1890-1914, there were very few legal limits on immigration. My family's case is probably fairly typical. I have ancestors who came from Britain as early as the 17th century, some who came from Germany in the mid-19th century, and some from Poland in the late-19th century. For those people, there were no restrictions at all. The first real restriction was the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_%28United_States%29" title="Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> in 1882. But for Europeans, there were no restrictions until the 1920s.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-57962982038901589042012-04-29T18:31:00.001-04:002015-03-24T16:04:53.186-04:00Slang ReferencesThe best reference book on slang I've found is <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0304366366/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=goinplac18981-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0304366366"><i>Cassell's Dictionary of Slang</i></a>. It has more than 85,000 entries and over 1,500 pages. What's particularly useful is that most entries indicate when and where the word was used. For instance, here are the entries under mope:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwxPIFFiVdN-274FC5zdtb1M0Hooypf9Iz5UgL69_E-aDNk2AEXwtgHyOkiSbqM4c8IYuTeXxdOPGzc4GdBfvJ9Ssk9WSWXEVN4ykco0zZHdMCybtTDGCJ5u7JBrL2Bqi3I-tiWsFqk00/s1600/Cassalls-mope.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwxPIFFiVdN-274FC5zdtb1M0Hooypf9Iz5UgL69_E-aDNk2AEXwtgHyOkiSbqM4c8IYuTeXxdOPGzc4GdBfvJ9Ssk9WSWXEVN4ykco0zZHdMCybtTDGCJ5u7JBrL2Bqi3I-tiWsFqk00/s1600/Cassalls-mope.jpg" /></a></div>
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What's harder is doing the reverse, i.e., finding a slang term for a particular meaning you have in mind. For normal vocabulary, there is of course <i>Roget's Thesaurus</i>. And guess what? There's also a slang version, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0007J4LVS/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=goinplac18981-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B0007J4LVS"><i>The American Thesaurus of Slang</i></a>. I believe this was compiled in the 1930s and '40s. There are a lot of editions around, used, and the prices seem to vary a lot. This is just as advertised, but it is specific to the period when it was compiled. That's a little later than my period of research, so I usually check elsewhere before using something from this.<br />
<br />
At Google Books, you can find a number of old sources available online, and searchable. For instance, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uLNZAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&vq=The+American+Thesaurus+of+Slang&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The American Slang Dictionary</i></a> b<span class="addmd">y James Maitland. This was published in 1891. It's 300 pages long, with perhaps 6,000 entries. </span><br />
<br />
The journal <a href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000529206"><i>Dialect Notes</i></a>
had many pieces on terms used in specific regions and by various
occupations. Most of these seem to have been assembled by amateurs, but
there was a <a href="http://books.google.com/books/about/College_words_and_phrases.html?id=uZVBAAAAYAAJ">wonderful study of college slang</a> done in 1900 by <span class="addmd">Eugene Howard Babbitt. He polled faculty members at various colleges to assemble lists and then compiled a comprehensive index.</span><span class="addmd"> </span><br />
<br />
<span class="addmd">It's difficult to determine how often a particular word was used in speech, but I do various searches. You can search Google Books for particular dates, and also the newspaper archives at Google</span> and <a href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/">at the Library of Congress</a>. The Brooklyn Public Library has made <a href="http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Skins/BEagle/Client.asp?Skin=BEagle&AW=1298235083234&AppName=2&GZ=T"><i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i></a> available online, and I imagine there are other newspapers online elsewhere.<br />
<br />
In an earlier post, I discussed how the people of the period <a href="http://goingplacesin1900.blogspot.com/2012/03/affection-for-slang-everyday-language.html">seemed attracted to slang</a>, but usually toward exaggerated depictions of folksy language.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-8721612528555254782012-04-22T20:13:00.001-04:002015-03-24T16:04:53.232-04:00Detroit Publishing Company Photographs<a href="http://www.loc.gov/">The Library of Congress</a> has a number of fantastic collections online. One of my favorites is that of the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/det/">Detroit Publishing Company photographs</a>. This is how the LoC describes it:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"This collection of photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company
Collection includes over 25,000 glass negatives and transparencies as
well as about 300 color photolithograph prints, mostly of the
eastern United States. Subjects strongly represented in the
collection include city and town views, including streets and
architecture; parks and gardens; recreation; and industrial and work
scenes."</blockquote>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitOwRgmjqOIjcMidipOUhb4rDyVH1ZARlgs72p1pYMOTarfmPalujI-8BSy2Tg3G0JuvFBZyuwQsPTT4p9zxRY2pRiTg7P7ZXA7L8Dfvci38Ozay7hBl7vUtzwPhfDr67vtgJ044oThSA/s1600/northampton-low.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitOwRgmjqOIjcMidipOUhb4rDyVH1ZARlgs72p1pYMOTarfmPalujI-8BSy2Tg3G0JuvFBZyuwQsPTT4p9zxRY2pRiTg7P7ZXA7L8Dfvci38Ozay7hBl7vUtzwPhfDr67vtgJ044oThSA/s320/northampton-low.jpg" title="Main St, Northampton, Mass." width="320" /></a> Most are from the early decades of the 20th century, and most include high resolution scans. These can be downloaded and with an image viewer you can zoom in on all sorts of details.<br />
<br />
The photo at left of Main Street in Northampton, Massachusetts, was taken in 1907. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/det/item/det1994001004/PP/">The page at the LoC for this image</a> offers four different resolutions. The higher two are in TIFF format, which is a "lossless" format, as opposed to JPEG, which uses compression to save space. The trade-off to saving space is that each time you save the file, some amount of detail is lost.<br />
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In the photo all the people seem to be far off on the periphery. But here are some zooms from the highest resolution version of the photo:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrb-kf0uTwWq-LYM6NTf10Y96jPLP54AqIqyMYv5T_N_a80VURhJzZKq6PU_AzFy2CeX2M-oi16-TnKORU_LOI5iEJmk7J-uEJZrXuEumxc3iRqByEjmkMdxi_EF8ErjjiRiXwG-RO_Yc/s1600/northampton-gradma+at+the+reins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrb-kf0uTwWq-LYM6NTf10Y96jPLP54AqIqyMYv5T_N_a80VURhJzZKq6PU_AzFy2CeX2M-oi16-TnKORU_LOI5iEJmk7J-uEJZrXuEumxc3iRqByEjmkMdxi_EF8ErjjiRiXwG-RO_Yc/s200/northampton-gradma+at+the+reins.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdT5ab6uXM-ccqzhKwjp1PLESRdDCEooYJnasNbTlKQVAw2qwVYI8gVluU0Yno83aL8OZ5CLP_ZbnDRJc77BNhpRn1DwgaPLndQH7a95fXB8T9wWozJprKAP9-dIxJ2vMCeRQIzfV2SYU/s1600/northampton-lady+in+white.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdT5ab6uXM-ccqzhKwjp1PLESRdDCEooYJnasNbTlKQVAw2qwVYI8gVluU0Yno83aL8OZ5CLP_ZbnDRJc77BNhpRn1DwgaPLndQH7a95fXB8T9wWozJprKAP9-dIxJ2vMCeRQIzfV2SYU/s1600/northampton-lady+in+white.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1ag460_02UTXUKEHGni6zTd14PXRnW3vCx8N2cWgai91_iar_4uInHgXrWzoKFDKCiLNoAdiXdBKs00SRgMLQYJK7UhBpiFVgzAwnGiLLKQWHDTUYhUchhEU13H86DIDj_bb5dtzrVAI/s1600/northampton-three+men.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1ag460_02UTXUKEHGni6zTd14PXRnW3vCx8N2cWgai91_iar_4uInHgXrWzoKFDKCiLNoAdiXdBKs00SRgMLQYJK7UhBpiFVgzAwnGiLLKQWHDTUYhUchhEU13H86DIDj_bb5dtzrVAI/s1600/northampton-three+men.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE3JzJsFg-D8PhMIkkvngRWB5nuq5Pp3vBFDjPADiRgg-s7vy7VDgDDfWpArNKkPC28VNC5d1bAunVBsCx2wDM2TIOycmBjErosHVzwhtvc7HWWPYaCbN2ugfSDgJOFl_evsI7Wqj7H7E/s1600/buffalo-labor+day.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE3JzJsFg-D8PhMIkkvngRWB5nuq5Pp3vBFDjPADiRgg-s7vy7VDgDDfWpArNKkPC28VNC5d1bAunVBsCx2wDM2TIOycmBjErosHVzwhtvc7HWWPYaCbN2ugfSDgJOFl_evsI7Wqj7H7E/s400/buffalo-labor+day.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Here's another image. This one is of a <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/det/item/det1994014263/PP/">Labor Day celebration in Buffalo</a> in 1900. This one has a great crowd scene. <br />
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Here are some close-ups:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4QIAjTisxEQ5aJumM44U4bfhS_nq5QxMrKCpipJ9Zr-D4vPbP9v5uTpt8UC80EEwta6g_r6uxy0ynxtI3bb8spo8OimJNiDWq7q5iCHEyzh1cm0C7aNQ1esU75r8DntuiI1XFQnbKBeA/s1600/buffalo-labor+day+on+car.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4QIAjTisxEQ5aJumM44U4bfhS_nq5QxMrKCpipJ9Zr-D4vPbP9v5uTpt8UC80EEwta6g_r6uxy0ynxtI3bb8spo8OimJNiDWq7q5iCHEyzh1cm0C7aNQ1esU75r8DntuiI1XFQnbKBeA/s320/buffalo-labor+day+on+car.jpg" width="308" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw8HFkpzOKUpp0HartrEW65g8-u3qjU0M72I5Qxikypf4IpPlrYQNdGqqQ0AqezHYiJjW-EU9Sv2IpFu1fBeOvpdrD9ULJoycb2_BLB-vKcwoWBYaa9dGFeb4S9S3PU5BE4aHG3zbLEWE/s1600/buffalo-labor+day+two+women+in+white.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw8HFkpzOKUpp0HartrEW65g8-u3qjU0M72I5Qxikypf4IpPlrYQNdGqqQ0AqezHYiJjW-EU9Sv2IpFu1fBeOvpdrD9ULJoycb2_BLB-vKcwoWBYaa9dGFeb4S9S3PU5BE4aHG3zbLEWE/s320/buffalo-labor+day+two+women+in+white.jpg" width="237" /></a></div>
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The image I use as a background is <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/det/item/det1994014261/PP/">another from Buffalo</a>. I can spend an hour just scanning one photo.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-1126048417988945972012-04-19T15:14:00.000-04:002015-08-24T16:06:32.090-04:00Mr. DooleyIt's difficult imagining anything like the phenomenon of Mr. Dooley occurring today. This philosophizing Irish saloon owner was the creation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finley_Peter_Dunne">Finley Peter Dunne</a>, a humorist and Chicago newspaper editor. In Dunne's columns, Dooley gave his interpretation of the events of the day and the concerns of the nation. The columns, written in the vernacular of a working class Irish, originally focused on Chicago. But Dooley became nationally syndicated in 1898 and by the end of the Spanish-American War had achieved immense popularity.<br />
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When I first read these pieces, I was put off by the silly (and seemingly forced) vernacular. It sounds more like the cliche Irish of a Pat and Mike routine than anything you'd be likely to hear in a saloon. And many of the topics are esoteric, or too specific to the time and place.<br />
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The pieces I appreciate the most are usually on topics I've already read about. For instance, <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015008826292?urlappend=%3Bseq=161">"The Crusade against Vice"</a> captures succinctly the periodic anti-vice campaigns. These would erupt with great fanfare, and much apparent support. Only to peter out as the majority tired of the ever-wider range of acts which needed to be eradicated.<br />
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Here is how Dooley puts it:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"As a people, Hinnissy, we're th' greatest crusaders that iyer was-—f'r a short distance. Ou a quarther mile thrack we can crusade at a rate that wud make Hogan's frind, Godfrey th' Bullion look like a crab. But th' throuble is th' crusade don't last afther th' firat sprint. Th' crusaders drops out iv th' procission to take a dhrink or put a little money on th' ace an' be th' time th' end iv th' line iv march is reached th' boss crusader is alone in th' job an' his former followers is hurlin' bricks at him fr'm th' windows iv policy shops. Th' boss crusader always gets th' double cross. If I wanted to sind me good name down to th' ginerations with Cap. Kidd an' Jesse James I'd lead a movement fr th' suppression iv vice. I wud so." </blockquote>
But I think the best of the pieces I've read is <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4626250?urlappend=%3Bseq=225">"The Negro Problem"</a>. Dunne captures beautifully the hypocrisy of the position of most Northerners: African-Americans needed to accept that they'd be excluded from most employment and social opportunities, and yet couldn't expect be excused for their failure to measure up to their neighbors.<br />
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Mr. Hennessy, the only customer who ever seems to visit Dooley's saloon, asks him what will become of the negro:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"Well," said Mr. Dooley, "he'll ayther have to go to th' north an' be a subjick race, or stay in th' south an' be an objick lesson. 'Tis a har-rd time he'll have, annyhow, I'm not sure that I'd not as lave be gently lynched in Mississippi as baten to death in New York. If I was a black man, I'd choose th' cotton belt in prifrince to th' belt on th' neck fr'm th' polisman's club. I wud so." </blockquote>
I assume the reason Dooley only ever had the one customer was all this spewing of his opinions. If you've spent any time in a bar, you know any bartender worth his salt keeps his opinions to himself, <i>unless</i> it's to voice his agreement with yours. <br />
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Many of the 700+ Dooley pieces were assembled into bound volumes and these are available online, both <a href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?checkspelling=true&type=all&lookfor=Dunne%2C+Finley+Peter%2C+1867-1936.&submit=&type=author&sethtftonly=true">at the Hathi Trust</a> and <a href="http://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Dunne%2C+Finley+Peter%2C+1867-1936%22">at Archive.org</a>. There's also a paperback collection that was put out by Dover a while back, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0486206262/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=thevirtualmirror&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0486206262"><i>Mr. Dooley on Ivrything and Ivrybody</i></a>.<br />
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<br />Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-53089329162158330302012-03-21T13:29:00.149-04:002015-08-24T16:08:00.186-04:00Losing ground: African-Americans in the North, 1890-1920As most Americans are aware, the history of civil rights for African-Americans has been anything but a straight continuum. In <i><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/philadelphianeg00eatogoog">The Philadelphia Negro</a></i> (1900), W.E.B. Du Bois recounts how in 1837 African-Americans in Pennsylvania were disenfranchised when the word "white" was inserted in language that qualified voters. This came after African-Americans had enjoyed the right to vote for 47 years. And during the Civil War, while slaves were being freed in the South, African-Americans were being hunted down by mobs in New York.<br />
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For African-Americans, the years 1890-1920 were a sort of dark age. In the South, this was a period of continual reverses. They were being disenfranchised through various laws requiring poll taxes, literacy tests, etc. Then in 1896 came <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson,</a> the Supreme Court decision that ruled the doctrine of separate but equal as constitutional.<br />
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What surprised me was how a similar change was occurring in the North. African-Americans weren't losing the right to vote, but they were losing ground as economic and social barriers seemed to increase. I thought this animosity might have been due to friction as greater numbers of African-Americans migrated from the South. But while a continual stream of African-Americans moved North in the 19th Century, an even greater number of immigrants arrived. The proportion of African-Americans in most northern cities either fell or was stable between 1870 and 1900. Du Bois shows that for Philadelphia, their proportion peaked in 1810.<br />
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Increasingly, blacks in the North were relegated to certain jobs. For men, porters, janitors, waiters, and common laborers. And for women, work as domestics, laundresses, and seamstresses. And neighborhoods became increasingly segregated.<br />
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The best explanation I've read for what was occurring is presented by Dav<span style="font-size: small;">id Blight in his <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_49200260"><i>Ra</i></a></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0674008197/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=goinplac18981-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0674008197"><i>ce and Reunion: the Civil War in American Memory.</i></a><i> </i>Which the publisher describes as "<i>a history of how the unity of white America was purchased through the increasing segregation of black and white memory of the Civil War</i>." As the nobility of the white South, if not it's cause, became increasingly accepted by those in the North, African-Americans became seen as an impediment to reconciliation. And Southern attitudes were increasingly accepted in the North. <br />
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A particularly apt example of this is recounted by Jennifer Fronc in her book, <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0226266095/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=goinplac18981-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0226266095">New York Undercover.</a></i> She writes about the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Fourteen">Committee of Fourteen</a> and how it worked to force the segregation of New York saloons by depicting race mixing as immoral. This was something new, a Southern white code being enforced by paternalistic Northerners.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjim_A_fL9E9lETEqkPnS1l_zCvMUN_YzW2nsMn1jwqLVByiGxf_1tXrdCA3aUHVPTFgb8bvJL9J3f5hQIA3id18ztQcRsctDinDtL3Pqg_9FMjeQE457CD7ztZk3ov__IzjTq4MMzB3FU/s1600/klan-in-DC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjim_A_fL9E9lETEqkPnS1l_zCvMUN_YzW2nsMn1jwqLVByiGxf_1tXrdCA3aUHVPTFgb8bvJL9J3f5hQIA3id18ztQcRsctDinDtL3Pqg_9FMjeQE457CD7ztZk3ov__IzjTq4MMzB3FU/s1600/klan-in-DC.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Blight recounts how in</span> 1913, Woodrow Wilson's administration initiated policies of segregation within Federal departments. Two years later, the immensely successful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation"><i>The Birth of a Nation</i></a> was released. The film's sympathetic depiction of the Ku Klux Klan became generally accepted and the Klan <a href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1381.html">became resurgent,</a> in North as well as the South. In the 1920s, membership grew to four million and the Klan showed its strength with a march down Pennsylvania Avenue.<br />
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<i><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/philadelphianeg00eatogoog">The Philadelphia Negro</a></i> does an excellent job of depicting the lives of Philadelphia's African-Americans in 1900, as well as giving a historical context. It is a sociological study done with an academic rigor unusual for the time. More personal depictions can be found among the pieces in <a href="http://goingplacesin1900.blogspot.com/2012/03/life-stories-of-undistinguished.html"><i>The life stories of undistinguished Americans as told by themselves.</i></a><i> </i><i></i>For instance, "A Northern Negro's Autobiography" is the story of an African-American woman born and raised in an Upstate New York village and her experiences after moving to a Northern city and traveling in the South. She tells of the slights she herself suffered and also about her efforts to find employment for qualified African-Americans. <a href="http://goingplacesin1900.blogspot.com/2012/04/mr-dooley.html">Mr. Dooley</a>, the comic commentator, also makes some cogent observations. <br />
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What for most Americans was a period of optimism fulfilled, was for African-Americans just the opposite.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-46748652944503767412012-03-19T12:21:00.005-04:002015-09-29T12:24:06.227-04:00A day at the races under the Percy-Gray Law<span class="st"></span><br />
<span class="st">To understand how horse racing was conducted in New York in 1900, you first should know that the state constitution of 1895 forbade "<i>pool selling, bookmaking, or any other kind of gambling</i>". Sounds pretty unequivocal, doesn't it?</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjza3hIrrxVpjUKMwwzawe3t6Q8odLhdESRwVIChNpZKoLii7M2Qir7KFP9w4JRDM87vXZ3tRidrSZOxoiWcRVpz8aWQpz0AXUhtEhaIdhgIKDPOCBK8SoEq6e32lPjYJLJsmn8Fu-I3Xw/s1600/betting-pavilion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjza3hIrrxVpjUKMwwzawe3t6Q8odLhdESRwVIChNpZKoLii7M2Qir7KFP9w4JRDM87vXZ3tRidrSZOxoiWcRVpz8aWQpz0AXUhtEhaIdhgIKDPOCBK8SoEq6e32lPjYJLJsmn8Fu-I3Xw/s1600/betting-pavilion.jpg" /></a><span class="st"></span><span class="st">And yet, the photo at left illustrates a betting pavilion at a New York track. <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000KBHHZ0/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=goinplac18981-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B000KBHHZ0"><i>Kings Views of Brooklyn 1905</i></a> identifies it as being at Sheepshead Bay (I've seen the same photo identified as being at Gravesend.)</span><br />
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<span class="st">In fact, the period 1895-1908 was one of the golden ages for New York horse racing, and on-track betting. This amazing hypocrisy was due to the Percy-Gray Law, passed by legislature in 1895. How it could create a loophole large enough to allow flagrant gambling when the state constitution unequivocally forbade it was a mystery that required some research.</span><br />
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<span class="st"> T</span><span class="st">he Percy-Gray Law described itself as "<i>an act </i></span><i>for the incorporation <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>associations <span class="gstxt_hlt">for the improve</span>ment <span class="gstxt_hlt">of the breed of horses </span>and to regulate the same; and to establish a State racing commission.</i>" It was passed at the behest of racing interests gave the established jockey clubs a monopoly on racing. <br />
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Reading the first 16 sections, it's hard to see how this law allowed what's going on in the photo above. For instance, section 9 states that race track owners "<i>shall cause to be properly posted in conspicuous positions upon the grounds whereon such races are held, printed notices or placards in large and legible type, which notices or placards shall be to the effect that all disorderly conduct, pool-selling, book-making or any other kind <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>gambling is prohibited.</i>"<br />
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Even a first reading of section 17 doesn't offer much illumination.<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
§ 17. Any person who, upon any race-course authorized by or entitled to the benefits <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>this act, shall make or record, directly or indirectly, any bet or wager on the result <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>any trial or contest <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>speed or power <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>endurance <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>horses taking place upon such race-course, shall forfeit the value <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>any money or property so wagered, received or held by him, to be recovered in a civil action by the person or persons with whom such wager is made, or by whom such money or property is deposited. This penalty is exclusive <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>all other penalties prescribed by law for the acts in this section specified, except in case <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>the exchange, delivery or transfer <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>a record, registry, memorandum, token, paper, or document <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>any kind whatever as evidence <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>any, such bet or wager, or the subscribing by name, initials or otherwise, <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>any record, registry or memorandum in the possession <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>another person <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>a bet or wager, intended to be retained by such other person or any other person as evidence <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>such bet or wager. </blockquote>
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The secret lies in the fact that this was interpreted as meaning that the <i>sole</i> penalty for accepting a bet at a race course was forfeiture through civil action. The key bit being, "<i>[t]his penalty is exclusive <span class="gstxt_hlt">of </span>all other penalties prescribed by law for the acts in this section specified</i>." Thus criminal penalties were negated, <i>provided</i> no record of the bet was passed between parties. And as far as I can tell, there were no civil actions taken under the law, probably because there was no record of the bet having been made.<br />
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I spent a fair amount of time trying to establish just what the mechanics of betting under this bizarre regime. Ironically, one of the few descriptions I've found comes from the scolds themselves. <i>The World's Work</i> published an article in 1906, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1mwAAAAAYAAJ&dq=world%27s%20work%20%22horse-racing%20and%20the%20public%22&pg=PA7867#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Horse-Racing and the Public"</a>, which describes a visit to Gravesend.<br />
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Picking up information from that and similar articles, and various newspaper articles, I believe the way the bookies avoided passing a record of the bet is that the bettor gave the bookie his entrance ticket along with the wager. The bookie recorded the bet under the ticket stub number, then gave the bettor back the ticket, which did not itself have a record of the bet.<br />
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It all ended when the scolds took over the statehouse and passed the Hart–Agnew Law 1908. This killed the loophole and the horse racing courses died a not-so-slow death. The course at Brighton Beach moved on to auto racing for a period.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-71854274151884585802012-03-18T17:33:00.011-04:002015-08-11T08:46:16.051-04:00The life stories of undistinguished Americans as told by themselvesThis is the title of a compilation of biographical pieces published in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_%28Boston%29"><i>The Independent</i></a> between 1902 and 1906. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Holt">Hamilton Holt</a> was the editor of the left-leaning magazine and force behind the project. Apparently seventy-five of these were published in the magazine. The <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/lifestoriesundis00holtrich">initial compilation</a> was published in 1906 and contained sixteen of the pieces.<br />
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There have been several other compilations printed more recently, none sharing all the same stories. <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0803754426/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=goinplac18981-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0803754426"><i>Making Our Way</i></a> was published in 1975 and includes the story of a New York policeman who explains the ins-and-outs of petty graft. <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0252009061/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=goinplac18981-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0252009061"><i>Plain Folk</i></a> was published in 1982 and includes an appendix which lists all the original stories. <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/041592510X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=goinplac18981-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=041592510X">A later version</a> that uses the original title was published in 2000 and has twenty-seven. For those wanting to read them online, I've assembled a <a href="http://www.streetcarmysteries.com/undistinguished_americans.html">hyperlinked index.</a> <br />
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These are written in the first person. Some use vernacular, but the language generally seems to be that of the editors. I'm not sure if this was a purposeful decision in order not to expose the lack of education of many of the subjects. They tell of immigrant experiences, what it was like to be an African-American in the South (and North), work a farm, etc. Some give details of expenses, like the girl who works in a sweatshop and lives with a friend. They spend a combined $3.92 for food and rent per week. She says she goes to the theater "quite often" and could live more cheaply, but is "fond of the good things."<br />
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There are all sorts of surprising tidbits mixed in with the fascinating historical details.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-9468548719538413812012-03-18T12:49:00.011-04:002015-08-10T10:18:30.391-04:00An affection for slang: everyday language in 1900 as seen in the media.Everyday language is a topic that's been particularly difficult for me. There were no oral histories that I'm aware of, and the actual research done at the time is spotty. People had a fascination with slang, but ironically that's more a hindrance than a help. Slang depicted in newspapers and magazines is usually so exaggerated as to be silly. A prime example is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finley_Peter_Dunne">Finley Peter Dunne's </a>character <a href="http://goingplacesin1900.blogspot.com/2012/04/mr-dooley.html">Mr. Dooley</a>, an Irish bartender in Chicago. He appeared in a column published in hundreds of newspapers and compiled in a series of books. Here's a sample of Dooley's speech:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Th' speaker iv th' house burrid his face in his hands, an' sobs shook him partly f'r manny minyits. Thin he raised his head, an' says he, 'Mack,' he says, 'I can't take it,' he says. ''Tis most gin'rous iv ye,' he says, 'but me hear-rt fails me,' he says.</blockquote>
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A slightly less egregious example of such speech can be found in a series of books written by "<a href="http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Marietta%20Holley%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts">Josiah Allen’s Wife</a><i>"</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_Holley">Marietta Holley</a>) about a woman from rural New England named Samantha.<br />
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Criminals in magazine stories always speak in an exaggerated lingo, while immigrants and African-Americans are depicted as incapable of putting two words together in standard English.<br />
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I came to the conclusion that what I saw in newspapers and magazines of the time had little to do with how people actually spoke, and I had this confirmed when I came across the passage below in O. Henry's <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cabbagesandking03henrgoog"><i>Cabbages and Kings</i> (1904).</a> In the story, a telegram was sent to an American in a South American country, and to hide the contents from prying eyes, it was written in exaggerated slang. This is one character describing it:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Tis what they call literature, and that's a system of language put in the mouths of people that they've never been introduced to by writers of imagination. The magazines invented it, but I never knew before that President Norvin Green had stamped it with the seal of his approval. Tis now no longer literature, but language. The dictionaries tried, but they couldn't make it go for anything but dialect. Sure, now that the Western Union indorses it, it won't be long till a race of people will spring up that speaks it.</blockquote>
And here's another O. Henry passage, from <a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/whirligigs02henrgoog/whirligigs02henrgoog_djvu.txt"><i>Whirligigs</i> (1910),</a> where two characters are discussing the colorful language of a third:<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"This tough talk is the very stuff that counts. There is a picturesqueness about the speech of the lower order of people that is quite unique. Did you say that this is the Bowery variety of slang?"<br />
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"Oh, well," said Rivington, giving it up, "I'll tell you straight. That's one of our college professors talking. He ran down for a day or two at the club. It's a sort of fad with him lately to use slang in his conversation. He thinks it improves language. The man he is talking to is one of New York's famous social economists." </blockquote>
Speaking of professors, here's an example that touches on both people's interest in slang and their understanding of scientific method. It's from what is supposed to be a <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iEMOAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA394&ots=1WXYrKOqbw&dq=dialect%20notes%20lumber%20words&pg=PA394#v=onepage&q&f=true">list of terms used in the lumber industry</a> compiled by two people at Cornell University and published in an academic journal of the time, <i>Dialect Notes</i>. They took words from a book, letters to newspapers, their own memory, etc., but here's my favorite:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b> stent</b>, n. for stint. Marietta Holley (Josiah Allen's Wife), <i>My Wayward Pardner, </i>p. 74.</blockquote>
Their source is a fictional character! And these guys taught at Cornell. Meanwhile, the term peavy (a tool commonly, and uniquely, used in lumbering) isn't mentioned.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5910487061549287567.post-49976515752935236952012-03-17T19:45:00.007-04:002015-03-24T16:04:53.170-04:00What did it cost in 1900? How much did it pay? Prices, wages and inflation...Anyone doing historical research often has to wonder what a particular price, or wage, would equate to in today's dollar.<br />
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The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis has assembled <a href="http://www.minneapolisfed.org/community_education/teacher/calc/hist1800.cfm">an estimated consumer price index back to 1800.</a><br />
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The <a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/CPIAUCNS.txt">official Consumer Price Index</a> from the Bureau of Labor Statistics begins in 1913.<br />
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By dividing a later year's index by an earlier year's, one has a ratio of how much prices have risen. The February 2012 index for the official CPI was 227.663, while for January 1913 it was 9.8.<br />
Since 227.663 / 9.8 = 23.23, what cost $1 in 1913 would cost $23 now.<br />
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But there are some big caveats. Prices of food and clothing have risen far less quickly than housing and most services. In other words, the average person now spends a much smaller share of income on food and clothing.<br />
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Wages are much harder to equate. I estimate that wages have risen about 50 times, in other words, twice what the CPI rose. But I use that as a kind of average.<br />
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In 1900, a policeman in a medium to large city might make $800-$1,000/year. The salaries of government employees can often be found in city directories and almanacs, many of which are available in Google Books.<br />
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A skilled worker, like a mason, might make something similar. Factory workers would generally make half that. But people forced to do piece work, like many garment workers, might only make half of that.<br />
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There are ads for domestics I've seen paying as little as $12 a <i>month</i>. But they would be getting room and board, and room and board swallowed up the vast majority of a working person's income.<br />
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Women definitely got the worst of it. Nowadays there may be an inherent wage bias borne out by statistics. But back in 1900 it was just a blatant bias. The 1910 <i>Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac</i> lists separate wage scales for men and women teachers. The wages for men start at $900/year, comparable to what the police patrolmen would earn. While women, in the exact same position, would be paid $600/year.Bob Stewarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14820206605014400382noreply@blogger.com0